A Stranger Claimed to Be My Half-Brother, I Didn’t Believe Him Until My Mother Confessed

Living a quiet life with her son, Jasmine never expected a message from a stranger to shake her world. But when a man named Robert claimed to be her half-brother, she found herself uncovering secrets buried deep in her family’s past.

I’m a single mother of a 15-year-old boy, Ethan, and everything was going well in my life until the day I met my best friend, Ellen.

A woman standing in her living room | Source: Midjourney

A woman standing in her living room | Source: Midjourney

We’ve been friends for over a decade now and there’s nothing like a night out with her to recharge me. We were at our favorite restaurant, catching up on life between mouthfuls of pasta and sips of wine, when Ellen slid her phone out of her bag.

“So,” Ellen smirked, “you’ll love this. I got a new batch of message requests on Facebook last night. Some of them are just ridiculous.”

She scrolled through her messages with a smile.

A woman using her phone | Source: Pexels

A woman using her phone | Source: Pexels

“Oh my god, Jas, listen to this one!” She snorted. “‘Your eyes are like the ocean, and baby, I’m lost at sea.’ Who even writes these anymore?”

I nearly choked on my wine. “Please tell me that’s not from the engineer guy who sent you a friend request last week!”

“Worse! It’s some dude who claims to be a ‘cryptocurrency entrepreneur.’” Ellen made air quotes, rolling her eyes. “You should see the messages I get. Come on, check yours! I bet your inbox is full of gems too.”

A woman laughing in a restaurant | Source: Midjourney

A woman laughing in a restaurant | Source: Midjourney

I rolled my eyes, laughing. “Please, Ellen. Who’s messaging a boring oldie like me? Half the time I can’t even figure out how to use these apps!”

“Just check your message requests!” Ellen reached across the table, grabbing my phone. “Look, you have unread messages. Come on, humor me!”

“Alright, alright,” I said with a dramatic sigh as I took my phone back. “But I’m telling you it’s just going to be spa—”

The words died in my throat as I read the most recent message.

A woman reading her messages | Source: Pexels

A woman reading her messages | Source: Pexels

Hi Jasmine. I know this may sound odd to you, but I think you’re my half-sister.

“What is it?” Ellen leaned forward.

“Some guy named Robert…” I showed her the message. “Says he’s my half-brother.”

Ellen burst out laughing. “Is that supposed to be a pickup line? Because that’s a weird one!”

I tried to laugh it off. “Is this some new dating trend? Pretend you’re family to get attention?”

“Who knows?” Ellen chuckled. “Maybe he thinks being your long-lost sibling will make him irresistible.”

A woman laughing in a restaurant | Source: Midjourney

A woman laughing in a restaurant | Source: Midjourney

We both laughed it off and finished our meals, but something about the message stuck with me. The tone didn’t have the typical goofiness of a flirty message. It felt serious.

Ellen moved on, chatting about her weekend plans, but my mind kept circling back to those words.

Half-sister? I thought and felt curious to know more about that man.

That night, after tucking Ethan in and double-checking his homework was done, I sat on my couch in the quiet of my living room.

Robert’s message pulled me back to Facebook.

A woman using her phone | Source: Midjourney

A woman using her phone | Source: Midjourney

I clicked over to his profile and scrolled through his photos. He looked like he was in his late 40s, with a warm, genuine smile.

In one of the pictures, he was standing with his wife and kids. My eyes widened when I looked at his daughter.

Her eyes were just like my mother’s. The same unique shape and soft expression.

Could it be? I thought. Was this even remotely possible?

I took a deep breath and opened his message again. My fingers trembled as I typed a response.

A woman typing a message | Source: Unsplash

A woman typing a message | Source: Unsplash

Hi Robert, I don’t know you, but… what are you talking about?

I hit send and stared at the message. I knew it was probably some mistake or strange coincidence, but I couldn’t push it out of my mind.

I tried to distract myself with Netflix but kept checking my phone. I couldn’t even sleep that night because my mind kept racing with questions.

What if he was telling the truth? I thought. How could that even be possible?

A woman looking at her phone | Source: Midjourney

A woman looking at her phone | Source: Midjourney

The next morning, I woke up to Robert’s reply. It was a long message, and I could feel my heart pounding as I read it.

He mentioned my mother, Martha, by name, and included details of where she was born and even where she lives now. He claimed Mom had given him up for adoption soon after he was born.

It felt too specific to be random, but my inner skeptic wasn’t convinced just yet.

What if he’s just some stranger trying to scam me? I thought.

I immediately thought of talking to Ellen. I called her and she picked up like she was waiting for my call.

A woman talking to her friend | Source: Pexels

A woman talking to her friend | Source: Pexels

“Hey, so, remember that guy, Robert?” I asked. “I, uh, I messaged him back last night.”

“You what?” Ellen was shocked. “Seriously, Jas? What did he say?”

“Seems like he’s serious about it,” I replied, pacing the living room. “He knows Mom’s name, her birth details, and even where she lives. And he told me Mom placed him for adoption soon after he was born.”

“Jas, this sounds sketchy,” Ellen said. “Ask him for more details. Like, why now? And what about his adoption? I mean, anyone could dig up basic information, but only someone who actually knows would have the adoption details, right?”

A worried woman talking on the phone | Source: Midjourney

A worried woman talking on the phone | Source: Midjourney

She was right. Following her advice, I texted him back, asking specific questions about his adoption. Then, I put my phone away and tried to focus on my day.

Later that evening, I checked my phone. Robert had responded with more information about his adoption including the year, the location, and even the name of the adoption agency.

The adoption year he mentioned was three years before my mother married my dad. That timeline would actually make sense if he was telling the truth.

A man writing a message | Source: Pexels

A man writing a message | Source: Pexels

However, I wasn’t ready to dive in headfirst. I messaged him back, saying I’d get back to him. Then, I spent the next two days scrolling through his profile, looking at his photos, and studying his family.

I was looking for any sign to prove this was a scam, but I didn’t find anything.

Finally, on the second night, I took a deep breath and texted him, saying I’d be willing to meet.

He responded quickly, and we arranged to meet at a small café I often visited.

A café | Source: Pexels

A café | Source: Pexels

The café was quiet when I arrived early the next morning. Then Robert walked in, and I knew. His eyes looked like mine. We looked so similar.

We exchanged a nervous smile as he sat down across from me.

“Thank you for meeting me,” he said softly. “I know this is unusual.”

“How did you find me?” I asked.

That’s when Robert began his story. He shared how he’d grown up knowing he was adopted. His adoptive parents were nice to him, so he never tried looking for his birth family out of respect for them.

A boy with his father | Source: Pexels

A boy with his father | Source: Pexels

But things changed two years ago when his adoptive father passed away. Then, he lost his adoptive mother eight months ago.

“I spent weeks just lost,” he said. “They were my entire world. After losing my mom, I started wondering about my biological roots. I suddenly wanted to know about my birth parents.”

He explained that he first tried getting information from the adoption agency but with no luck. He tried other avenues, but each attempt led to a dead end.

A man talking to his half-sister | Source: Midjourney

A man talking to his half-sister | Source: Midjourney

“Taking an ancestry DNA test was the only option left,” he told me. “I was stunned when the results said I had a half-sister.”

“It was surreal,” he continued, glancing at me. “I spent two weeks just debating whether to contact you. I was worried about what it might mean for you. But eventually, I decided I had to reach out. I needed to know.”

As he spoke, my mother’s image kept flashing through my mind. Why would she keep this secret for so long? Why wouldn’t she tell me?

A woman standing in her house | Source: Midjourney

A woman standing in her house | Source: Midjourney

Robert finished by expressing his desire to meet our mother. I told him I’d talk to her and get back to him.

The next day, I left Ethan with Ellen and drove four hours to Mom’s house. The familiar two-story colonial looked exactly the same, but everything else felt different.

Mom was tending her roses when I pulled up.

“Jasmine! What a surprise!” Her smile faded when she saw my expression. “Honey? What’s wrong?”

“We need to talk, Mom,” I said.

I told her everything once we settled in the living room.

An older woman sitting in her living room | Source: Midjourney

An older woman sitting in her living room | Source: Midjourney

“Someone contacted me, Mom,” I began. “His name is Robert, and he says he’s my half-brother.”

Mom looked at me with eyes wide open and her hands started to shake.

“Is it true?” I asked quietly. “Mom, you need to tell me the truth. Please.”

She tried denying it at first. “I don’t know what you’re…”

“Mom, please stop!” I yelled. “I know everything. Just tell me the truth!”

A woman talking to her mother | Source: Midjourney

A woman talking to her mother | Source: Midjourney

Tears filled her eyes as she sank onto the couch.

“I was so young when I met Daniel,” she whispered. “I thought he was my everything. He was charming, romantic, and exciting. But then…”

“Then what?”

“He had his struggles,” Mom continued. “With addiction. I thought I could help him change but he only spiraled deeper. And in the middle of it, I found out I was pregnant.”

I couldn’t believe it. I was furious.

“You had a child with a man you never told me about?” I asked.

A woman looking at her mother | Source: Midjourney

A woman looking at her mother | Source: Midjourney

Mom nodded. “But I knew I couldn’t raise him. I couldn’t bring a child into that chaos.”

“So, you gave him up? And never told anyone? Not even Dad?”

“I found a couple who wanted a child, who could give him the life I couldn’t,” she continued. “I left town, started fresh, and met your dad at my new job as a cashier. He was so stable and kind. And I wanted a fresh start with him. I couldn’t tell him anything.”

A worried woman sitting in her living room | Source: Midjourney

A worried woman sitting in her living room | Source: Midjourney

“But you could’ve told him later Mom!” I argued. “Why did you keep it a secret all these years?”

“I was ashamed, Jasmine,” she explained. “I was afraid the darkness of my past would make me lose everything.”

I sat back, trying to process it all.

All these years, I thought, she kept this buried, not even trusting me with her truth.

“What about Ethan?” I asked. “What would he think?”

A woman speaking to her mother | Source: Midjourney

A woman speaking to her mother | Source: Midjourney

“Jasmine, I’m sorry. I’m so sorry,” she held my hand. “I kept this from you because I thought I could spare you the pain. And once it was buried, I was terrified to dig it up again.”

I noticed the guilt etched on Mom’s face as she spoke. My anger slowly started to fade as I realized she had been carrying this along for too long.

She admitted that she’d never tried to reconnect with Robert because she felt she had no right. She feared disrupting his life, thinking it would only confuse and hurt him.

A woman talking to her daughter | Source: Midjourney

A woman talking to her daughter | Source: Midjourney

She also told me she visited different adoption agencies on special days like Robert’s birthday, Children’s Day, and other special occasions when I wasn’t around.

She offered emotional support to birth mothers considering adoption. It was her way of remembering him, and of processing the pain she’d buried.

“I didn’t know,” I murmured as tears trickled down my cheeks. “You never told me.”

“I didn’t want you to see this side of me,” she sobbed. “But I’ve been haunted by it every day.”

A woman looking at her daughter | Source: Midjourney

A woman looking at her daughter | Source: Midjourney

In that moment, my heart broke for her, and for everything she’d carried alone. I wrapped my arms around her as she cried.

I couldn’t believe my mom had pretended to be okay for decades after losing a baby. She had made a painful sacrifice for all of us.

I needed a day to process everything before I decided what to do next.

The next day, I called Robert and told him I’d spoken to our mother.

“You think I should meet her?” he asked. “I mean… it’s going to be emotional.”

A man talking on the phone | Source: Pexels

A man talking on the phone | Source: Pexels

“Take your time,” I replied. “Think about it.”

Later, that evening, I sat down with Ethan. He was only fifteen, but he deserved to know the truth about his new uncle. I wasn’t sure how he’d take it, so I tried to keep things as simple as possible.

“Hey buddy, there’s something you need to know about our family…” I said.

I explained everything and felt so surprised to see how calmly he handled everything.

Three days later, Robert agreed to meet Mom. We chose a quiet park for the meeting.

Metal fence in a park | Source: Pexels

Metal fence in a park | Source: Pexels

The initial moments were awkward. Mom’s guilt made her hesitant to even call herself Robert’s mother. Meanwhile, Robert stood back, uncertain about his decision.

But the tension began to ease as they talked.

“Robert, I’m… so sorry.” Mom looked down at her hands. “I know I hurt you by giving you up and by keeping you in the dark for so long. I thought… I thought it was the right thing to do at the time.”

Robert took a deep breath.

A man looking at his mother | Source: Midjourney

A man looking at his mother | Source: Midjourney

“I don’t know if I can say I understand, but, uh, I’m glad I know the truth now.” He paused, the weight of his own words settling in. “Thank you for meeting me.”

They talked for a while before it was time to say goodbye. I almost cried when I saw them hug. They held each other for the first time after decades and the relief on their faces was evident.

Driving home, Mom reached over and squeezed my hand.

“Thank you,” she whispered. “For understanding. For helping me find closure. And… for forgiving me.”

A woman smiling in a car | Source: Midjourney

A woman smiling in a car | Source: Midjourney

I smiled at her.

“I love you, Mom,” I said. “And I’ll always be there for you.”

Life isn’t simple anymore. But maybe it’s better this way. It’s messier, and more complicated, but it’s more real.

I’m just happy our family is finally complete now.

A woman holding her mother's hand | Source: Pexels

A woman holding her mother’s hand | Source: Pexels

If you enjoyed reading this story, here’s another one you might like: When David demanded a DNA test for their son, Amelia knew their marriage was on the edge. But what the results uncovered went far beyond paternity. It revealed a shocking twist that would forever alter David’s relationship with his mother.

This work is inspired by real events and people, but it has been fictionalized for creative purposes. Names, characters, and details have been changed to protect privacy and enhance the narrative. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, or actual events is purely coincidental and not intended by the author.

The author and publisher make no claims to the accuracy of events or the portrayal of characters and are not liable for any misinterpretation. This story is provided “as is,” and any opinions expressed are those of the characters and do not reflect the views of the author or publisher.

My Mom Put My Car Into Her Storage Unit to Punish Me – When I Saw What Else She Was Hiding There, I Went Pale

I craved adventure and freedom, but it came at the cost of my mother’s tears. One day, she put my car in her storage unit to punish me for coming home late. I did what any 17-year-old boy would do. I stole the keys to the unit to retrieve my car, but what I found hidden there shattered my heart like glass.

Do you love your mother? What a silly question to ask! I often dreaded coming home, you know. Mom’s questions fired at me the moment I walked in. “Where were you, Eddie? Why are you late? Bla bla bla!” I couldn’t understand why she was suffocating me with her constant concern. If only I’d known then what I know now, I would’ve given anything to hear her scold me again.

Portrait of a sad teenage boy | Source: Midjourney

Portrait of a sad teenage boy | Source: Midjourney

It was the autumn of 2021. I was 17, craving adventure and independence. Every day, it was the same routine. I’d barely get my key in the lock before my mom Charlotte’s voice would ring out from inside.

“Eddie? Is that you?”

I’d brace myself, knowing what was coming next. The moment I stepped through that door, she’d be there, arms crossed, eyes narrowed, brimming with tears.

God, not again! I’d roll my eyes.

A teary-eyed woman | Source: Midjourney

A teary-eyed woman | Source: Midjourney

“I was worried sick, and you don’t even care. How could you be so irresponsible?”

The questions came rapid-fire, each one making me feel smaller, more suffocated. I’d try to answer, but my words always seemed to fall short.

“I was just out with friends, Mom. We lost track of time.”

“Lost track of time? Eddie, you know better than that. This is unacceptable. You need to start taking me seriously.”

An annoyed teenage boy frowning | Source: Midjourney

An annoyed teenage boy frowning | Source: Midjourney

“I’m 17, Mom. You don’t need to worry about me every second.”

But she did worry. Every. Single. Second. A lot lately. Weird. And it was driving me crazy.

I didn’t understand then. How could I?

I was too caught up in my own world, too eager for freedom to see what was really happening. But looking back now, I wish I’d paid more attention. I wish I’d seen the fear behind her questions, the love behind her worry.

Because soon enough, I’d understand why she held on so tight. And when I did, it broke my heart.

A worried woman | Source: Midjourney

A worried woman | Source: Midjourney

The day everything changed started like any other. I came home late, way past curfew. Mom was waiting in the living room, the dim light casting shadows across her face.

“Eddie, we need to talk about this.”

I sighed, dropping my backpack by the door. “Mom, please. Not tonight. I’m tired.”

“You’re tired? I’ve been up for hours, wondering where you were and if you were safe. I haven’t eaten a thing because I was so worried about you.”

“I’m fine, okay?” I snapped. “Why do you always have to make such a big deal out of everything?”

A frustrated teenage boy frowning | Source: Midjourney

A frustrated teenage boy frowning | Source: Midjourney

She flinched, and for a moment, I saw something in her eyes. Hurt, maybe, or disappointment. But it was gone in an instant, replaced by anger.

“You’re grounded,” she sternly said. “And I’m taking your car keys.”

“What? Mom, you can’t do that!” I protested, but she had already turned away.

“We’ll talk about this in the morning.”

I stomped up to my room, slamming the door behind me. I didn’t know it then, but that would be the last time I’d slam a door in her face.

A boy gaping in shock | Source: Midjourney

A boy gaping in shock | Source: Midjourney

The next morning, my car was gone. Just gone. I ran back inside, panic rising in my throat.

“Mom! My car’s missing!”

She looked up from her coffee, her face calm. “I moved it, Eddie. You’ll get it back when you start showing some responsibility.”

I couldn’t believe it. “You can’t just take my car! Grandma gave it to me! You have no right—”

“I’m your mother. I’m doing what’s best for you.”

I stormed back to my room, furious and determined to get my car back. That’s when I hatched my plan. I knew she had a storage unit. It had to be there.

A boy storming upstairs | Source: Midjourney

A boy storming upstairs | Source: Midjourney

I waited until she left for a doctor’s appointment, then snuck into her room to find the keys. It felt wrong, but my anger overshadowed my guilt.

I had to get my freedom back. My car was my pride and love. It was my everything.

When I reached the storage unit, I felt a surge of triumph. I’d show her. I’d get my car and prove I could be responsible.

But when I opened that door, I FROZE.

A startled teenage boy | Source: Midjourney

A startled teenage boy | Source: Midjourney

Boxes. Dozens of them. Gift-wrapped. All neatly labeled with my name and future dates?

My stomach dropped as I read the labels: “18th birthday,” “Graduation,” “First job,” “Wedding,” and “Baby Shower?”

With shaking hands, I opened the box marked for my 18th birthday. Inside was a brown leather jacket, the exact one I’d been eyeing for months. How did she know?

I reached for another box, this one labeled “Graduation.” It was full of letters, all addressed to me, all in her handwriting.

A pile of gift-wrapped boxes | Source: Midjourney

A pile of gift-wrapped boxes | Source: Midjourney

The truth hit me hard as I sat there on the cold concrete floor, surrounded by pieces of a future Mom had carefully planned for me.

The doctor’s appointments. The exhaustion. The way she’d been holding on so tight.

Mom was sick. Really sick.

My eyes welled up as I pieced it all together. She wasn’t punishing me. She was PREPARING. Preparing for a time when she wouldn’t be here to see these milestones.

A teary-eyed teenage boy | Source: Midjourney

A teary-eyed teenage boy | Source: Midjourney

I don’t know how long I sat there, crying among the boxes of my future. All I know is that when I finally left that storage unit, I wasn’t the same person who had entered it.

I hurried home in a daze, my anger replaced by a crushing guilt. How could I have been so blind? So selfish?

I slipped quietly into the house, returning her keys as if I’d never touched them.

The anger that had consumed me for weeks was gone, replaced by guilt. I’d been so wrapped up in my own problems that I’d completely missed what was happening right in front of me.

A key hung on a holder | Source: Midjourney

A key hung on a holder | Source: Midjourney

Later that night, Mom was in the kitchen, stirring something on the stove. She looked up, surprise flickering across her face.

“Eddie? I thought you’d be out with friends.”

I crossed the room in three strides and wrapped my arms around her, hugging her tighter than I had in years.

“Eddie? What’s wrong?”

I pulled back, looking into her eyes. “Nothing’s wrong, Mom. I just… I love you. You know that, right? After Dad left us, you were my rock.”

A teary-eyed woman in the kitchen | Source: Midjourney

A teary-eyed woman in the kitchen | Source: Midjourney

She cupped my face in her hands, her eyes searching mine. “Awwww, of course, I know that, sweetie. I love you too. And I’ll always be your rock, okay?”

I helped her finish dinner that night, and we ate together at the table for the first time in months. We talked about everything and nothing, and I soaked up every word, every laugh, and every moment.

As I was clearing the dishes, I turned to her. “Hey, Mom? I’m sorry. For everything.”

She smiled a sad, beautiful smile, one that I’ll never forget. “Oh, Eddie. You have nothing to be sorry for.”

But I did. And I was determined to make it right. Without letting her know that I knew her secret.

A teary-eyed boy smiling | Source: Midjourney

A teary-eyed boy smiling | Source: Midjourney

The next few months were different.

I stopped going out late and stopped fighting her on every little thing. Instead, we spent our evenings watching old movies, looking through photo albums, cooking, and just being together.

One night, as we sat on the porch swing, watching the sunset, she turned to me.

“Eddie, there’s something I need to tell you.”

I knew what was coming, but it still felt like a punch to the gut when she said the words.

“I’m sick, honey. And it’s not getting better.”

A sad woman sitting on a swing | Source: Midjourney

A sad woman sitting on a swing | Source: Midjourney

I took her hand, squeezing it gently. I didn’t want to know what it was that was going to steal her away from me.

“I know, Mom. How long have you known?”

She sighed, looking out at the fading light. “A while now. I wanted to tell you, but I didn’t know how. I didn’t want to burden you.”

“Mom, You could never be a burden. Never.”

We sat there in silence, watching the stars come out one by one. And for the first time in a long time, I felt at peace.

The last few months with Mom were the best we’d ever had. We didn’t waste time on arguments or petty disagreements. Every moment was precious, and we both knew it.

Silhouette of a boy with his mother on the beach | Source: Midjourney

Silhouette of a boy with his mother on the beach | Source: Midjourney

She told me stories from her childhood, taught me how to cook her famous lasagna, and showed me old home videos I’d never seen before.

And through it all, she never complained, never showed fear. She was so strong, right until the end. And then, the day I dreaded came.

Mom slipped away in her sleep, a small smile on her face. And though I thought I was prepared, the loss hit me harder than I could have imagined.

A cemetery | Source: Midjourney

A cemetery | Source: Midjourney

Months passed.

On my 18th birthday, I opened the box she’d left for me for this day. I put on the brown leather jacket, feeling closer to her somehow. And I read the first of many letters she’d written, her words bringing both tears and comfort.

“My dearest Eddie,” it began. “If you’re reading this, it means I’m not there to celebrate this day with you. But know that I’m with you, always. I’m so proud of the man you’ve become.”

I read those words repeatedly, hearing her voice in every sentence.

A boy wearing a brown leather jacket | Source: Midjourney

A boy wearing a brown leather jacket | Source: Midjourney

It’s been two years now, but I still have those boxes.

Some days, I think about opening another one, but then I stop myself. It’s like I’m saving Mom for later, piece by piece because even though she’s gone, she’s still somehow with me.

I’ve learned that love doesn’t end with death. It lives on in memories, in the lessons we’ve learned, and in the person we’ve become because of that love.

Mom taught me that. She taught me so much, right up until the end. And maybe, when the time is right, I’ll open the next box, and she’ll teach me something new all over again.

A pile of gift boxes on a bed | Source: Midjourney

A pile of gift boxes on a bed | Source: Midjourney

But for now, I’m holding onto the memories we made in those last precious months. The laughter, the quiet moments, and the love that filled every second. Because in the end, that’s what matters most.

Love. Family. The time we had together.

And I’ll cherish every moment, just like she taught me to.

A thoughtful boy smiling | Source: Midjourney

A thoughtful boy smiling | Source: Midjourney

To those who’ve just finished reading my story, I have one request: go and hug your mother. Right now. There’s no force more powerful, more pure than a mother’s love. Cherish it while you can. Never take her for granted, and please, never hurt her with harsh words or thoughtless actions.

You see, God doesn’t walk down from the heavens. He’s already sent us angels in the form of our mothers. Hold onto yours tight, and never let go. Because one day, like me, you might find yourself wishing for just one more hug, one more scolding… and one more chance to say “I love you.”

Love you, Mom. Forever & Ever. 

A woman's tomb | Source: Midjourney

A woman’s tomb | Source: Midjourney

This work is inspired by real events and people, but it has been fictionalized for creative purposes. Names, characters, and details have been changed to protect privacy and enhance the narrative. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, or actual events is purely coincidental and not intended by the author.

The author and publisher make no claims to the accuracy of events or the portrayal of characters and are not liable for any misinterpretation. This story is provided “as is,” and any opinions expressed are those of the characters and do not reflect the views of the author or publisher.

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